Interview and Interrogation - Is That Person Telling You the Truth?

Getting to the truth in a statement has baffled criminal investigators for centuries. Regardless if it's an accident or a homicide, the burden of proof falls upon the State.

Many top law enforcers generally agree that eye-witness testimony is suspect. They also agree that most people want to tell the truth. but in many cases, what you hear may not be exactly what occurred:

• The individual may be telling you what they believe you want to hear

• The memory of the individual may be faulty

• The individual is hiding some fact, including their involvement in the incident.

Grilling a suspect was a normal practice performed by often well-meaning investigators. And in countless cases, a subject was coerced into giving a full confession simply to end the ordeal of the interrogation.

With its Miranda and subsequent landmark rulings, the U.S. Supreme Court forced a better degree of law and order on investigative bodies. "You have a right to remain silent... " should be the first words uttered from the mouth of an investigator, once an interview turns into an interrogation.

Among the many so-called truth-detecting methods employed during interrogations is "body movement." The interrogator makes visual note of how the suspect comports himself physically. Is he/she nervous, uncomfortable, irritable, twitching and a host of other body movements were, at one time, thought to indicate deception. But current training models now tell us that body movement of a subject may be entirely normal when placed under the stress of an official law enforcement-conducted conversation. Some research indicates that depending upon body movement as a measure of truthfulness is a "coin toss," 50% of the time you may be right!

Over a decade or more, the technique of Statement Analysis is used much more often. Statement analysis is best defined as: A "statement validity assessment", "content analysis", "investigative discourse analysis", and "scientific content analysis." It is a technique proponents claim can be used to detect concealed information, missing information, and whether the information that person has provided is true or false. (Wikipedia)

Statement Analysis involves the actual linguistic methods (specific words or phrases) an individual uses to describe an incident or to establish an alibi. The subject may leave obvious gaps in the narrative, gaps that actually included his direct involvement. And the subject may embellish the narrative by adding useless, inappropriate and meaningless chatter.

Statement analysis also includes a written account of the incident, but the investigator will still look for the same tip offs as to the veracity of what the subject writes.

The memory of the subject will also influence the completeness of the statement. The individual may be perfectly honest but is having a problem recounting the events as they actually happen. This is where the investigator employs the now well-accepted technique of cognitive interviewing. This technique was first introduced to law enforcement by an instructor for the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). This technique has been used countless times when victims and survivors of serious accidents involving mass transit conveyances (aircraft, trains, buses, etc.) are questioned about the accident.

Cognitive interviewing involves coaxing recall using techniques such as having the individual describe his activities from the time he awoke until the time seconds before the accident. It also uses a form of transference like, "Imagine yourself as a fly on the wall. What can you see? What is being said?"

Getting to the truth is no one-step procedure. Law enforcement heralded the invention of the Lie Detector or Polygraph by a medical student in 1921 at UC, Berkeley, but U.S. courts now prohibit the introduction of polygraph evidence as being unreliable.

What Is So Intriguing About Light and Optic Technologies?

"Let there be light," one of the most powerful phrases in Genesis, indeed, light is an incredible thing, and the illumination that we see in the visual spectrum has helped provide abundance for humankind, and allowed for visual evolution of our bio system. Still, are we doing all with our light that we could, there is so much more that we can do, and so much more research and inquiry that is required to get there.

One scientific topic and area of research which completely fascinates me is optics. Indeed, it intrigues me, it's one of my favorite topics to contemplate, perhaps you have ideas in this area of science, and I too have many ideas on all that. I've noted in the Wall Street Journal that a few Spectral Imaging technology companies have filed bankruptcy, that's too bad, although I see IBM is investing $5 Billion in this research (holographic projection and computer chip communication) over the next 10-years, as per a press release.

When industry spends money on its own accord to bring forth new innovations you know there are commercial applications just waiting to enter the market, IBM is a very wise company, and they don't waste their money on endless and needless research. Back in 2007 I wrote an e-book on the future of holographic projection and spectral imagery. Since then it's amazing what has been done, and now you can actually get a science degree in the field. I have no doubt that very soon our mobile phone devices will have holographic projection.

On another front, I've also been fascinated with the MIT grad kids work with seeing 3-D images around corners. The implications are great for so many things, and yes military applications as well, beyond line of sight, radar system catching anomalies, etc.

One question that I keep asking myself is; do you think that anyone will ever be able to hack into line of sight light transmissions without detection or disrupting the signal? Is the answer to secured data transmission lines from satellites to base stations, and through the air using light waves the answer to preventing hackers, and also giving us the capacity to send an abundant amount of information in a very short amount of time? It could take care of all of our bandwidth issues, and it would be incredible.

Not only can we do large things, but they're doing small things as well. In fact IBM just the other day, on September 14, 2012 announced that they used laser light to image individual molecules as they form. These are all of game changing technologies, and they're coming at us at the speed of light. Please consider all this and think on it.

Expansion of the Universe

Gravitational repulsion, does this really exist?

Albert Einstein thought so.

Perhaps A. Einstein was correct and then again, perhaps not.

In this short text I will present to you, a different way of looking at the issue of the expansion of our universe.

Our universe consists of 

4% normal matter 

23% dark matter 

73% dark energy

I see the expansion of our universe as dark matter/energy (but from here on simple referred to as dm/e) multiplying in-between all the galaxies, and this way forcing all the galaxies apart from each other.

Since our universe very well could be limited within its own dimensions, the increase of dm/e would probably force the universe to expand within itself, pushing its matter further and further apart and expanding it like a borderless soap-bubble, instead of just adding to the "outer edges" and leaving the galaxies in fixed positions within.

The dm/e simply acts like a wedge, being forced between two fixed points (galaxies), and thus pry them apart. And since this is happening all over our universe, the effect would be a total expansion.

But how?

Consider a multiverse.

An infinite amount of universes, feeding each other an infinite amount of power, and this itself generating the expansion of the dm/e or perhaps better said, creating the mass and energy of the new dm/er.

Well, energy can not be created or destroyed, merely transformed?!

Indeed, but just as our universe has got its amount of energy to go around, so has the multiverse which we reside in. So energy are being transformed within the multiverse and focused on single universes.

The vibrations of every universe creates energy, just like the magnetic field around a moving rotor core creates electricity.

All universes which are set in their own different vibrational setting, effects its counterpart or counterparts. Since the multiverse is endless, this also gives us an endless possibility of more than two universes being connected.

Close by or endlessly far away.

Each universe acting like a rotor core, and the dm/e within its opposite universe, acting like the increasing amount of electricity being generated by the increasing vibration/rotation of the first said universe.

Each universe expanding for ever, just as its counterpart vibrates forever.

The dm/e itself will increase the vibrations of its own universe, and this way adding to the effect of expanding its counterpart even faster.

Two effects are in play in this process.

The natural vibration within the universe itself, and the acceleration of that vibration, created by the dm/e which itself is created and accelerated by the vibration from the opposite universe.

Perhaps you have had similar thoughts about something like this?

New Research Into Long-Necked Dinosaurs Identifies Potential Key to Their Success

Research Suggests Sauropod Eating Habits the Key to Their Success

The largest land animals ever to exist, the long-necked dinosaurs, otherwise know as the Sauropods, owed their success to the ability to grow big very quickly and to do this they needed to process what they ate very efficiently. A new European study into the likely feeding behaviours and growth rates of Sauropoda, the scientific name for the long-necked dinosaurs, concludes that during the Mesozoic, size really did matter.

Growing Big To Put Off Predators

A team of scientists believe that these animals grew huge to discourage predators, simply becoming to big for carnivorous dinosaurs to hunt effectively. The paper, to be published in the academic and highly respected journal "Science" examines the growth rates of Sauropods and postulates that these monstrous leviathans were warm-blooded. They would have needed high metabolic rates to sustain their rapid growth. Gigantism certainly has its advantages, for example African elephants have virtually no natural predators once they reach a certain size. Some of the members of a British led expedition to Kenya in the early part of the 20th Century recalled a story of a female elephant being attacked and killed by lions but this was an extremely rare occurrence and one that occurred in exceptional circumstances. Lions do attack elephants, especially at night where the carnivores eyesight is much more effective than the elephant's, but in virtually all cases, the attacks are on young animals.

The pride concerned in the Kenyan tale, was very big, consisting of approximately 20 lionesses and some other semi-mature animals. There had been a prolonged period of drought which had limited the game available and the elephant attacked and killed was an immature animal believed to be about 15 years old. The attack occurred at night when this young female elephant got separated from the herd after visiting one of the few remaining water holes in the area. Could this type of behaviour seen in predator/prey relationships today, reflect what occurred with the Dinosauria?

Pack Hunting Predators

It is probable that some carnivorous dinosaurs may have hunted in packs and large numbers of Giganotosaurs or Allosaurs would have been formidable adversaries quite capable of tackling an adult Sauropod had they attacked as a group. From the few trackways that have been preserved showing Sauropods moving in a herd, it seems that the smaller more vulnerable animals were to be found in the middle whilst the larger adults walked towards the outside of the group provided some protection for the younger animals.

Certainly, some of these herbivorous Sauropods grew into giants. Although scientists still debate the maximum size and weights of these animals estimates of 80 to 100 tonnes are not uncommon and some of the lighter Diplodocids could reach lengths in excess of 33 metres or more.

Successful Sauropods

The large bodies and long necks effectively gave these long-necked dinosaur a very efficient feeding platform, allowing them to strip the vegetation from surrounding cycads, tree ferns and horsetails with little movement of their large bodies, indeed it is thought that different species of Sauropod fed on different types of plant matter to limit competition between species. Brachiosaurs for example with their necks held high could browse on the tree tops, stripping away branches and leaves with their peg-like teeth literally combing the food into their mouths. In comparison, other Sauropods that shared the same habitat such as Apatosaurus probably fed on the understorey of vegetation.

Feeding Habits of Dinosaurs

Although the Sauropoda had weak, peg-like teeth, the majority of which were in the front of their mouths, they were very efficient feeders. Their huge simple stomachs were able to process huge amounts of vegetation. The stomach contained vast amounts of bacteria and this bacteria helped to break down the tough cellulose of the plants and the sturdy plant fibres. Studies of the cross-sections of Sauropod fossil bones indicate that these animals grew very quickly. A hatchling could grow from weighing less than two kilogrammes to being a hefty three hundred kilogrammes in its first year.

Why Get an Associate's Degree in Pharmacy Technology?

Despite not being a prerequisite, an associate's degree will help your career as a pharmacy technician. Yes it may cost more, but the duration by which you can finish this program is relatively short when you compare it to other professions in the health care industry and you will earn that money back as you go along your career.

In as little as six months, you can start your career as a pharmacy tech. Some schools even offer a part time study schedule for more busy individuals or people who want to shift professions. This short turnaround is why a lot of people want to get in this industry. But what most people fail to realizd is that the type of education as well as the school you are going into.

Look for an accredited school

In looking for an accredited institution, to be more specific a school accredited by the American Society of Health System Pharmacists. This gives you assurance that the training you will get has passed stringent requirements set by the industries top professionals. This means the program involves academic, practical and experiential courses designed to make you a well-rounded pharmacy technician.

Practical and on the job training play a vital role in your preparation to become a pharm tech, despite what some people claim that academic studies are enough because you will be working with drugs, medication that can adversely affect the quality of living when given in the wrong dosage.

Imagine yourself having diabetes buying prescription medication for another illness. You would not want the pharm tech serving you to give you a wrong dosage of a drug that can adversely affect the insulin in your body. This is the exact reason why pharmacies will only want to hire individual who've completed a training program in an accredited school.

Why Then Should I Get an Associate's Degree?

There are a multitude of reasons. Firstly, associate's degree holders are more highly sought after by larger pharmacies both in retail as well as in hospital pharmacies. With that being said, you'll get a higher wage, currently the median is at 13.50 dollars per hour. Plus more training opportunities in other fields like nuclear and clinical pharmacy.

Second, you'll have more opportunities in your profession. You'll have the chance to get promoted to a higher role like a supervisory position or even as a sales representative for drugs. These positions offer you more job security and a more fulfilling experience at work.

Third, you'll also have the opportunity to work in a hospital setting with the patients themselves. Most pharmacy technicians will not have this opportunity if they don't have the right education. Working in patient care is one of the most rewarding experiences you can have as a pharmacy tech. You get to work with pharmacists and physicians themselves in taking care of patients.

One of Our Dinosaurs Is Found! India's First Dinosaur Fossil Re-Discovered

Geological Survey of India Re-Discovers First Indian Dinosaur Fossil

In quieter moments when palaeontologists are given the chance to reflect on the current hot-spots for dinosaur discoveries thoughts may turn to the exciting fossil finds coming out of Angola, or the work being undertaken to research into the bizarre Dinosauria fauna that once roamed the prehistoric island of Hateg in southern Europe. Other scientists may comment on the amazing Early Cretaceous dinosaur discoveries that are being made around the town of Winton in Queensland (Australia), however, it is important that the fossil discoveries being made in India are not overlooked.

The Geology of India

India is a huge country with extensive Mesozoic-aged formations that are just beginning to reveal evidence of the amazing creatures that roamed what was to become the Asian sub-continent. The history of dinosaur discovery in India actually goes back a very long way. The first recorded dinosaur find was made in that country more than one hundred and eighty years ago, even before the term Dinosauria was coined and the Dinosauria established as a sub-Order of the Reptilia. After one hundred and thirty four years the very first dinosaur fossil described from India has been re-discovered, ironically amongst the collection of the Geological Survey of India at their Kolkata head-office.

Early Palaeontology on the Sub-Continent

In the days of the British Empire, when India was regarded as the "jewel in the crown", the country was being mapped and explored by her colonial masters. In 1828, Lieutenant-Colonel W. H. Sleeman of the Bengal Army (later knighted and to become a Major-General, after a long and distinguished career in India), led a small expedition to Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh (central India). This military expedition with its accompanying geologists and cartographers mapped the strata in the area. This strata is now known as the Lameta Formation and it consists of Upper Cretaceous aged rocks (Maastrichtian faunal stage). The Lameta Formation is famous for its Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils, most of them unique to this region. The fossils found include long-necked dinosaurs (Titanosauria) as well as many Theropods including large Abelisaurids that rivalled the Tyrannosaurs in terms of size. It was this military expedition that found the first evidence of dinosaurs in India. W. H. Sleeman is credited with finding a twenty centimetre long, isolated bone from what was later to be termed a dinosaur.

Discovery of Titanosaurs

The discovery, made in 1828 was only four years after the Reverend William Buckland had described the very first dinosaur (Megalosaurus bucklandii) and many years before the eminent English anatomist Sir Richard Own established the Dinosauria as the term used to describe these "terrible, fearfully great lizards". Sir Richard Owen established the term Dinosauria - the dinosaurs in April 1842, although he later alluded to the fact that he had come up with the term earlier (August 1841).

The Indian specimen was actually a single, caudal vertebra (part of the tail), of a large, herbivorous dinosaur. It was passed amongst a number of distinguished Victorian scientists until 1877 when no record of where it was could be found. This dinosaur fossil, which had lain undiscovered for millions of years was lost to science from 1877 until April 2012 when it was discovered by members of the Geological Survey of India who were re-assessing the fossil heritage of the sub-continent. It was a chance discovery, the specimen having resided in the collection of the Geological Society of India at their Kolkata head-office.

India's first dinosaur fossil to be described was discovered by Dr. D. M. Mohabey and Dr. Subhasis Sen of the Geological Survey team. The dinner-plate sized specimen was amongst a collection of fossils that had been studied by the English naturalist and geologist Richard Lydekker, who had joined the organisation that was to become the Geological Survey of India back in 1874. It was Lydekker who formally named and described the specimen in 1877, establishing a new genus of dinosaur - Titanosaurus indicus.  The newly, re-discovered tail bone is a holotype, a specimen upon which the original description of an organism is based. The specimen still has the original labels - 2193 and 2194 on it which are clearly visible, the classification given to this fossil by Lydekker. The fossil was located amongst the vertebrate fossils in the catalogued collection made by Lydekker and stored on the first floor at the headquarters of the Geological Survey of India.

Negotiating with Museums

The Indian team are hoping to find more fossils that were presumed lost and to help to solve a puzzle which involves the Natural History Museum in London. A number of British expeditions explored the fossil beds of the Lameta Formation in the early part of the 20th Century. Many specimens were subsequently removed from India to the then British Museum (now the Natural History Museum), in London. As part of a continuing international research programme to map India's vertebrate fossils, scientists are hoping to be able to identify Indian dinosaurs amongst the collection at the Natural History Museum.

The Geological Survey of India team are optimistic that any dinosaur specimens that they are able to trace to the Natural History Museum collection will be returned to India for further study and to be united with other Indian dinosaur specimens. Like the fossil found by Lieutenant-Colonel W. H. Sleeman, one hundred and eight four years ago, many of these fossils are holotypes and the only known fossil evidence for a number of dinosaur species that seem to be unique to the sub-continent.

The caudal vertebra, now back in the catalogued collection of the Indian survey team represents the very first Titanosaur fossil to be scientifically studied and as such it is regarded as a critical specimen for the global research into the evolutionary history of these Sauropod dinosaurs.

Perhaps more importantly, as the Indian economy strengthens and the country emerges as a global super-power there is a strong demand for improved educational resources and an emphasis on India's place and role in the scientific community. It is likely that Indian museums will step up their efforts to have important artifacts such as dinosaur fossils returned to their country as interest in dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals grows.

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Our aim is to help young people learn more about Earth sciences through their fascination with dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals. Team members are happy to provide advice and support supplying free quizzes, drawing materials, puzzles, games even recipes for dinosaur themed biscuits and birthday cakes. With something like 600 products on line including dinosaur party supplies, Everything Dinosaur Everything Dinosaur has built up a strong reputation assisting parents, guardians and fellow teachers, helping young people to learn more about science through creative play.